Part I Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points)
Directions: The following 40 short statements are provided each with four items. You are to choose for each the best word or phrase in place of the underlined or missing part. Please write your answer on the answer sheet by marking the corresponding letter in each case.
1. The police the witness about the accident.
A. question B. ask C. interrogate D. inquire
2. The salesman his product when challenged.
A. sold B. spoke of C stood up for D. stood for
3. She makes a rather living as a novelist.
A. precarious B. precautionary C. cautious D. precocious
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4. She the chance to spend a whole day with her father. . * '
A. jumped on B. jumped at C. jumped with D. jumped up
3. The car to avoid hitting the old man.
A. swerved B. rambled C. scurried D. curtailed
6. Anyone who has a sore throat should from alcohol.
A. abstain B. retain C. detain D. pertain
8. Despite a whole night's emergency treatment, the boy’s condition is still critical and his life is now hanging by a
A. thread B. cord C. string D. rope
9. The film was banned officially- because of the language and scenes it contained.
A. decent B. optimal C. obscene D. vicious
10. China will continue to to control population growth and improve the living standard of Chinese people.
A. stride B. contrive C. strive D. stripe
11. He avowed his commitment to those ideals.
A. acknowledged B. converted C. conformed D. renounced
12. The political dissident was accused of instigating a plot to overthrow the government.
A. devising B. supporting C. funding D. provoking
13 I wish you two would stop bickering.
A. complaining B quarreling C. bargaining D murmuring
14. The defendant is facing severe verdict despite the appeal for clemency by his lawyer.
A. forgiving B. release C. leniency D. impartiality
15. The little boy listened, enthralled by the Captain’s story.
A. fascinated B. swindled C. shocked D. bored
16. I was impressed by his expertise on landing craft.
A. encouragement B. special skill C. shrewdness D. eloquence
17. Your action is a breach of our university regulations.
A. observation B. violation C. creation D. attack
18. Subsequent events vindicated his policy.
A. predicate B. swing C. dilate D. verify
19. Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death penalty in most countries in the world.
A. impulsive B. multicolored C. obligatory' D. laughable
20. Morality, for him, was doing what is expedient.
A. undesirable B. unavailable C advantageous D. inappropriate
21 You'd like this one, ?
A. don't you B. didn't you C. hadn't you D. wouldn’t you
22. Do you happen to know the name of this ?
A. beautiful, little, red, butterfly-like insect
B. little, beautiful, red, butterfly-like insect
C. red, little, beautiful, butterfly-like insect
D. red, butterfly-like, beautiful, little insect
23. My son walked ten miles today. We never guessed that he could walk far.
A. / B. such C. that D. as
24. If talks for the new trade agreements take , food industries in both countries will be seriously affected.
A. much too long B. too much longer C. too much long D. much long
25. Jim expected nobody in the room.
A. there being B. there been C. there to be D. there be
26. Frankly, I'd rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn't do C. don’t do D. didn't
27. This is a nation which easily to changes.
A. adapts B. is adapted C. is adaptable D. is adapting
28. The young man proved his parents’ expectation.
A. worth B. worthy C. worth of D. worthy of
29. After a whole day of hard work, all was a nice meal and a good rest
A. what he wanted B. which he wanted C. the thing he wanted D. that he wanted
30. A modem city has sprung up in was a wasteland ten years ago
A. which B. what C. that D. where
31. The new literature course differs from the old course the students aren’t required to attend lecture.
A. in which B. which C. in that D. whereas
32. I wonder whether he knows to write a book.
A. how great pains it will cost B. what great pains will it take
C. what great pains it will cost D what great pains it will take
33. college students should learn more about Chinese history.
A. 1 consider important that B. I consider it important
C. I consider what is important D. I consider it important that
34. To a highly imaginative writer, is a pad of paper and a pen.
A. all are required B. all required is C. all is required D. all that is required
35. was of no much help to him at that time.
A. Little could I do B. What could I do little
C. The little of which 1 could do D. The little that I could do
36. Scientists have reached the conclusion the temperature on the earth is getting higher and higher.
A. when B. but C. that D. for that
37. The teacher said, "It's time you your oral presentation.”
A. began B. should begin C. begin D. are beginning
38. You and I could hardly understand each other, ?
A. could I B. couldn't you C. could we D. couldn't we
39. A clue Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story.
A. as for why B. as to what C. as to which D as to why
40. Petroleum is to industry blood is to man.
A. that B. as if C. what D. which
Part II Cloze Test (20 points) "
Directions: Read the passage below carefully and choose the best answer from those given. Write your choice on the answer sheet by marking the corresponding letter in each case.
The tuberculosis situation in China is worsening again. It cannot be 1 unless the current situation which China has Four Highs and One Low is changed. The Four Highs and the One Low means a high infection rate, a high drug 2 rate, a high death rate, a high__3 of infection, and a low rate of decline changes.
Experts say that China is one of the twenty-two countries in the world with the highest tuberculosis 4 China ranks second in the world in the 5 number of the people who have TB. Over 500 million Chinese have been 6 to the TB bacillus, six million have active TB and two million are 7 carriers of the disease. Over two hundred and fifty thousand Chinese die each year from TB. This is twice as many as those who die 8 all of China' s other contagious diseases 9
The rate of TB in the Chinese countryside is 2.4 times 10 in the city. In China, as in other countries, at lease half of the 11 active TB cases, and deaths are in women.
Children are the most 12 to infection of all. 13 statistics, the TB death rate among children aged 0-4 are 0.8 per 100,000 and 0.5 per 100,000. A 14 found that about half of the TB 15 people have not been found and registered. For 16 reasons, about 65.9 per cent of the people with TB symptoms are not 17 having TB. Experts warn that no disease compares with TB in the damage it 18 on families and the harm it does to China’s economic development. Seventy-five percent of the people with active TB cases 19 in the 15-34 age group, the most 20 age group. This means that China loses 360 million working days each year to TB.
1. A. beaten B. conquered C. overcome D. defeated
2. A. resistance B. injection C. inferior D. resistable
3. A. incidence B. incident C. accident D. accidence
4. A. burden B. load C. cargo D. freight
5. A. whole B. large C. imaginary D. total
6. A. revealed B. revealing C. exposed D. exposing
7. A. contagious B. conscientious C. continuous D. consecutive
8. A. away B. down C. off D. from
9. A. joined B. added C. united D. combined
10. A. that B. than C as D. less
11. A. infections B. infectious C. affection D. infectants
12. A. fragile B. vulnerable C. feeble D. crisp
13. A. On the contrary B. According to C. With respect to D. In addition to
14. A. research B. inspect C. survey D. study
15. A. opposite B. negative C. opponent D. positive
16. A. disparate B. desperate C. various D. distinct
17. A. diagnosed as B. diagnosed to C. diagnosed about D. diagnosed with
18. A. inflicts B. affiliates C. afflicts D. conflicts
19. A. is B. are C. have D. has
20. A. prospective B. productive C. predictable D. prudent
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Section A (30 points)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are some choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
The decline of traditional religion in the West has not removed the need for men and women to find a deeper meaning behind existence. Why is the world the way it is and how do we, as conscious individuals, fit into the great scheme?
There is a growing feeling that science, especially what is known as the new physics, can provide answers where religion remains vague and faltering. Many people in search of a meaning to their lives are finding enlightenment in the revolutionary developments at the frontiers of science. Much to the bewilderment of professional scientists, quasi-religious cults are being formed around such unlikely topics as quantum physics, space-time relativity, black holes and the big bang.
How can physics, with its reputation for cold precision and objective materialism, provide such fertile soil for the mystical? The truth is that the spirit of scientific inquiry has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past 50 years. The twin revolutions of the theory of relativity, with its space-warps and time-warps, and the quantum theory, which reveals the shadowy and unsubstantial nature of atoms, have demolished the classical image of a clockwork universe slavishly unfolding along a predetermined pathway. Replacing this sterile mechanism is a world full of shifting indeterminism and subtle interactions that have no counterpart in daily experience,
To study the new physics is to embark on a journey of wonderment and paradox, to glimpse the universe in a novel perspective, in which subject and object, mind and matter, force and field, become intertwined. Even the creation of the universe itself has fallen within the province of scientific inquiry.
The new cosmology provides, for the first time, a consistent picture of how all physical structures, including space and time, came to exist out of nothing. We are moving towards an understanding in which matter, force, order and creation are unified into a single descriptive theme.
Many of us who work in fundamental physics are deeply impressed by the harmony and order which pervades the physical world. To me laws of the universe, from quarks to quasars, dovetail together so felicitously that the impression there is something behind it all seems overwhelming. The laws of physics are so remarkably clever they can surely only be a manifestation of genius.
l. The author says people nowadays find that traditional religion is
A. a form of reassurance
B. inadequate to their needs
C. responding to scientific progress
D. developing in strange ways
2. Scientists find the new cults bewildering because they are
A. too reactionary
B. based on false evidence
C. derived from inappropriate sources
D. too subjective
3. Which phrase in paragraph 3 suggests that the universe is like a machine?
A. Cold precision and objective materialism.
B. The shadowy and unsubstantial nature of atoms.
C. Slavishly unfolding along a predetermined pathway.
D. Shifting Indeterminism and subtle interactions.
4. The new physics is exciting because it
A. offers a comprehensive explanation of the universe
B. proves the existence of a ruling intelligence
C. incorporates the work of men of genius
D. makes scientific theories easier to understand
5. The author of this passage is
A. a minister of religion
B. a research scientist
C. science fiction writer
D. a journalist
Questions 6 to 16 are based on the following passage.
Suddenly Lady Windermere looked eagerly round the room, and said, in her clear contralto voice, "where is my chiromantist?"
"Your what, Gladys?" exclaimed the Duchess, trying to remember what a chiromantist really was, and hoping it was not the same as a chiropodist.
"my chiromantist, Duchess; I can't live without him at present. I must certainly introduce him to you.”
"Introduce him!" cried the Duchess. “You don't mean to say he is here?" She began looking about for a small tortoiseshell fan and a very tattered lace shawl so as to be ready to go at a moment's notice.
"Of course he is here; 1 would not dream of giving a party without him. He tells me I have a pure psychic hand."
"Oh, 1 see!" said the Duchess, feeling very much relieved. "He tells fortunes, I suppose?"
"And misfortunes, too" answered Lady Windermere. "Any amount of them. Next year, for instance, I am in great danger, both by land and sea, so J am going to live in a balloon, and draw up my dinner in a basket every evening. It is all written down on my little finger, or on the palm of my hand. I forgot which." "But surely that is tempting Providence, Gladys." "My dear Duchess, surely Providence can resist temptation by this time. Everyone should have their hands told once a month, so as to know what not to do. Of course, one does it all the same, but it is so pleasant to be warned. Ah, here is Mr. Podgers! Now, Mr. Podgers, I want you to tell the Duchess of Paisley's hand."
"Dear Gladys, I really don't think it is quite right," said the Duchess, feebly unbuttoning a rather soiled kid glove.
"Nothing interesting ever is," said Lady Windmere. "But 1 must introduce you. Duchess, this is Mr. Podgers, my pet chiromantist. Mr. Podgers, this is the Duchess of Paisley, and if you say that she has a larger mountain of the moon than I have, I will never believe you again."
"1 am sure, Gladys, there is nothing of the kind in my hand," said the Duchess gravely.
"Your grace is quite right," said Mr. Podgers, glancing at the little fat hand.
"The mountain of the moon is not developed. The line of life, however, is excellent You will live to a great age, Duchess, and be extremely happy. Ambition—very moderate, line of intellect not exaggerated, line of heart——”
"Now. do be indiscreet, Mr. Podgers," cried Lady Windermere.
"Nothing would give me greater pleasure," said Mr. Podgers, bowing, "if the Duchess ever had been, but I am sorry to say that I see great permanence of affection, combined with a strong sense of duty."
"Pray go on, Mr. Podgers," said the Duchess, looking quite pleased.
"Economy is not the least of your Grace's virtues," continued Mr. Podgers, and lady Windermere went off into fits of laughter.
“Economy is a very good thing, remarked the Duchess complacently. When I married Paisley he had eleven castles, and not a single house fit to live in."
"And now he has twelve houses, and not a single castle," cried
Lady Windmere." "you have told the Duchess's character admirably, Mr. Podgers, and now you must tell Lady Flora's." In answer to a nod, a tall girl stepped awkwardly from behind the sofa and held out a long, bony hand.
"Ah, a pianist!" said Mr. Podgers. “Very reserved, very honest, and with a great love of animals.”
"Quite true!" exclaimed the Duchess, turning to Lady Windermere. "Flora keeps two dozen collie dogs at Macloskie, and would turn our town house into a menagerie if her father would let her."
"Well, that is just what I do with my house every Thursday evening," cried Lady Windermere, laughing. "Only I like lions better than collie dogs, But Mr. Podgers must read some more hands for us. Come, Lady Marvel, show him yours."
But Lady Marvel entirely declined to have her past or her future exposed. In fact, many people seemed afraid to face the odd little man with his stereotyped smile and his bright, beady eyes; and when he told poor Lady Fermor right out before everyone that she did not care a bit for music, but was extremely fond of musicians, it was generally felt that chiromancy was a most dangerous science, and one that ought not to be encouraged, except in private.
Lord Arthur Savile, however, who did not know anything about Lady Fermor's unfortunate story, was filled with curiosity to have his own hand read, and feeling somewhat shy about putting himself forward, crossed to where Lady Windermere was sitting and asked her if she thought Mr. Podgers would mind.
"Of course he won't mind," said Lady Windermere. "That is what he is here for. All my lions, Lord Arthur, are performing lions, and jump through hoops whenever I ask them."
6. Lady Windermere's statement that she "can't live without" (line 5) her chiromantist is an example of .
A. wit B. satire C. exaggeration D. generalization
7 The Duchess wants to "be ready to go at a moment's notice" (line 7) because she
A. is afraid of chiropodists
B. is tired of Lady Windermere
C. thinks having her fortune told would be tempting Providence
D. does not want to meet Mr. Podgers
8. The passage suggests that the Duchess wears a tattered shawl and soiled gloves because she
A. likes to save money
B. cannot afford to buy nicer ones
C. cares little about appearance
D. prefer to buy nice things for her home
9. Lady Windermere's plan to live in a balloon and draw up her dinner in a basket indicates her
A .desire to impress the Duchess
B. inability to separate reality from fantasy
C. whimsical attitude toward fortune-telling
D. respect for the accuracy of Mr. Podger's fortunes
10. Lady Windermere's speech in lines21-24 shows that she _______
A. likes to give advice to others
B. dislike knowing what is going to happen to her
C. believes that Mr. Podgers has amazing and uncanny powers
D. does not take either Providence or chiromancy very seriously.
11. The Duchess says, "I really don't think it is quite right" in line 26 because she
A. has philosophical and moral objections to fortune-telling
B. thinks that trying to discern the future could be dangerous
C. does not like to do what Lady Windermere tells her to do
D. believes that Mr. Podgers is likely to predict bad events in her future
12. Lady Windermere's use of the phrase “my pet chiromantist” suggests that Lady Windermere
A. provide for Mr. Podgers's need
B. perceives Mr. Podgers's devotion to her
C. feels possessive toward Mr Podgers
D. likes to belittle Mr. Podgers in front of her friends
13. By characterizing the Duchess's line of intellect as "not exaggerated", Mr. Podgers shows himself to be
A. tactful B. disdainful C. imaginative D. suspicious
14. The Duchess looks "quite pleased" because .
A. her future is brighter than is Lady windermere's
B. her fear about tempting Providence have been allayed
C. Mr. Podgers has not suggested any danger in her immediate future
D. Mr. Podgers has described her characteristics positively
15. In addition to telling people's fortunes, Mr. Podgers .
A. describes their characteristics
B. describes their past endeavors
C. describes their present occupation
D. encourages their unspoken plans
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.
This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.
16. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .
A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation
B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience
C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular
D. result of highly creative scientific activity
17. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:
A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?
B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also Included Handel and Bach?
C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?
D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?
18. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with .
A. deep skepticism B. strong indignation
C. marked indifference D. moderate amusement
19. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that
A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
B. is accepted immediately by the scientific community
C does not relegate particulars to the role of data
D introduces a new valid generalization
20. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage?
A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.
B. In a similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.
C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.
D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.
Section B (10 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and give answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
By the mid century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form. In deed, there has been debate about whether many of the works of the times should rightly be considered novels at all. Although not all writers of the period pursued experimental methods, two of them, William Burroughs and Henry Miller, served as exemplary figures.
William Burroughs published journals depicting his travels through South America and North Africa. He was heavily influenced by his encounter with foreign languages and associations with strange customs. The impact of his experiences on his writing led to a uniquely detached style. Often it is difficult to determine who is telling the stories, or where the characters have come from. In his most celebrated work Naked Lunch, Burroughs is said to have physically cut up the manuscript and pasted it back together, to further disturb the conventional notion of narration. Although these writing techniques did not boost initial sales of his works, American academia accepts him as an important practitioner of literary theory.
Henry Miller wrote about his personal life in a depth that previous authors had avoided. In order to better expose compulsive desires, he used very graphic language to describe the details of his intimate relationships. His books Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer were banned in some states when they were first published. Although there are disagreements about Miller's moral positions, he is acknowledged as an important contributor to mid-twentieth century American fiction.
21. What is the main topic of this passage?
22. What did the passage preceding this one probably discuss?
23. What can we assume about Burroughs' earlier works?
24. What is the most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch?
25. What can we infer about the works of the two men?
Part IV Translation (30 points)
Section A E-C translation (15 points)
Directions; Read the following passage carefully aid translate it into good Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.
Translating versus interpreting
Some problems arise because people think of translating and interpreting as being two entirely different kinds of operations, one written and the other spoken. But both are part of the same act of producing in a receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source text, whether spoken or written. The significant differences are the speed with which an interpreter must make decisions, the enormous tension to keep up with the rapid flow of spoken language, the background knowledge necessary for instant recall, and the willingness to produce something that may not be "perfect." In fact, no interpretation is ever perfect.
Interpreting can, however, be an important plus for a translator, because it immediately forces him or her to be up to date with respect to rapid developments within any discipline, and it highlights the fact that listening to one language and speaking in another is a largely automatic process, something that some translators have faired to recognize.
At the former Maurice Thorez Institute of foreign languages in Moscow, persons who had already demonstrated exceptional ability as translators could also be tested for their possible ability to act as professional interpreters. The test consisted of an assigned topic, one minute to prepare, and one minute to speak. The reason for this type of testing was the conviction that interpreting, whether consecutive or simultaneous, depended more on an ability to organize information than on determining meaning.
Section B C-E Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into good English. Write your translation on the answer sheet.
由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称以易滋误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。
Part V Composition (20 points)
Directions: Write on your answer sheet a 500-word essay on the topic.
Topic: Reading for knowledge, or for fun?
参考答案：
Part I Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points)
1. C. interrogate 2. C stood up for 3. A. precarious 4. B. jumped at 5. A. swerved 6. A. abstain 8. A. thread 9. C. obscene 10. C. strive 11. A. acknowledged 12. D. provoking 13 B quarreling 14. C. leniency 15. A. fascinated 16. B. special skill 17. B. violation 18. D. verify 19. C. 20. C advantageous 21 D. wouldn’t you
22. A. beautiful, little, red, butterfly-like insect 23. C. that 24. A. much too long 25. C. there to be 26. B. didn't do 27. A. adapts 28. D. worthy of29. D. that he wanted 30. B. 31. C. in that 32. D what great pains it will take33. D. I consider it important that 34. D. all that is required35. D. 36. C. that 37. A.began 38. C. could we 39. D as to why 40. C. what
Part II Cloze Test (20 points) "
1. D. defeated 2. D. resistable 3. A. incidence 4. A. burden 5. D. total
6. C. exposed 7. A. contagious 8. D. from 9. D. combined 10. A. that
11. A. infections 12. B. vulnerable 13.B. According to 14. C. survey 15. D. positive
16. C. various 17. A. diagnosed as 18. A. inflicts 19. B.are 20. B. productive
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)
l. B. 2. C. 3. C. 4. A. 5. B. 6. D. 7 D. 8. A. 9. D. 10. B. 11. B. 12. C. 13. C. 14. A. 15. B. 16.D. 17.D. 18. A.
19. D20. B.
Section B (10 points)
21. What is the main topic of this passage?
The main topic of this passage is that by the mid-twentieth century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form.(From the original text) /This passage mainly discussed a new trend in writing ,appeared by the mid-twentieth century ,that preferred new ways to construct the novel that gave up many traditional forms.
22. What did the passage preceding this one probably discuss?
The passage preceding this one probably discussed the development of traditional approaches to constructing the novel before the mid-twentieth century.
23. What can we assume about Burroughs' earlier works?
We can assume that Burroughs’ earlier works are of a style not as detached as his later journals but rather involved and maybe even emotional.
24. What is the most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch?
The most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch is its unconventional and detached way of narration that makes it hard to determine who is telling the stories or where the characters have come from.
25. What can we infer about the works of the two men?
The works of the two men broke away from conventional ways of writing the novel and made experiments in creating new unusual approaches. Although the works were not received by the public and the academia without disagreements, their contributions to mid-twentieth century American fiction and literary theory were recognized.
Part IV Translation (30 points)
Section A E-C translation (15 points)
笔译对口译
由于人们以为笔译和口译是完全不同的两项活动，一个是书面活动，一个是口头活动，因此就会产生一些问题。然而，其实两者同是用接受语译出与源语文本最接近且最自然的口头或书面文本这一活动的一部分，两者之间的重大差别包括口译译员必须迅速作出决定；必须高度紧张以跟上口语的高语速；必须具备能够及时回忆起来的背景知识；敢于译出可能不够“完美”的译文。事实上，口译从来也不完美。
但是，口译工作能为笔译译者提供重要的有利条件，因为口译直接迫使他跟上飞速前进的任何学科的最新发展，口译还突出强调，听到一种语言而说出另一种语言在很大程度上是个自动的过程，而有些笔译译者未能认识到这一点。
在莫斯科的原莫里斯•多烈士外语学院，已在笔译方面显示出卓越才能的翻译家们可以接受这样一项测试，看看他们是否也有能力成为专业的口译译员。测试包括指定一个话题，用一分钟的时间做准备，然后用一分钟的时间就这一话题讲话，这类测试出于如下理由，认为口译，无论交传还是同传，都在更大程度上取决于组织信息的能力而并非确定涵义的能力。
Section B C-E Translation (15 points)
From primary school to high school, what we have been studying is no more than some basic common knowledge. Even during the four years in college, the lectures given still contain some rather superficial knowledge only. People usually call university the “highest institution of learning”, which is likely to cause misunderstanding that as if there were no other knowledge above this level.Research done in the university is only the most preliminary stage of std and the first attempt at conducting research and the emphasis is on the methodology and practice of research. Since knowledge is infinite, one’s whole life is not long enough to gain knowledge. That’s why hoary-headed people in ancient times studied the classics, which means they continued to study even when their hair turned white with age. However, there is indeed great interest and fun in such kind of study.
Part V Composition (20 points)(略)
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